Wenner, Jann S., ed. 20 Years of the Rolling Stone: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been. New York: Straight Arrow, 1987.

Levine, Carol, ed. "Postscript: Should Animal Experimentation be Permitted?" Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Bioethical Issues, 5th ed. Guilford: Dushkin, 1993.

Loeb, Jerod, et. al. "Human vs. Animal Rights: In Defense of Animal Research." Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Bioethical Issues, 5th ed. Ed. Carol Levine. Guilford: Dushkin, 1993.

Conable, Barbara B. "The Flat Tax Will Not Work." Economics in America: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. David L. Bender and Bruno Leone. St. Paul: Greenhaven, 1986.

Spaeth, Sigmund. "Electronic music." Merit Students Encyclopedia. 1980 ed.

McLellan, David S. "Cold War." The New Grolier Multi-Media Encyclopedia. Windows version. Release 6. CD-ROM. 1993.

"Electron gun." Collier’s Encyclopedia. 1987 ed.

Quinn, Jane Bryant. "A Course in College Cheating." Newsweek 14 Oct. 1985: 70–72.

Harting, Don. "Schools Banning Hats." The Post–Standard [Syracuse] 27 Sept. 1990, Madison ed.: A–12.

• Include the name of the city in brackets only if the paper’s name DOES NOT include this information.

Lewis, Peter H. "Attention Shoppers: Internet is Open." New York Times 12 Aug. 1994, natl. ed.: D1-2.

"Islamic State of Afghanistan." Orem, UT: Brigham Young University and eMSTAR, Inc., 1999.

Naughton, Lambert. Personal interview. Naughton and Jones Photography Studio, Syracuse, 13 May 1989.

Jones, Frank. Telephone interview. 7 April 1993.

Cerio, Don. Letter to [recipient’s name]. 5 March 1996.

"Norman Rockwell’s Legacy." Narr. Diane Sawyer. Prod. Bob Jones. Dir. John Brett. Sixty Minutes. CBS–WTVH, Syracuse. 5 Oct. 1992.

Software For information stored on a local server

"Accountant." Discover. Computer Software. Hunt Valley: American College Testing, 1996. Macintosh configuration.

AUDIO CASSETTE/ VIDEO Cassette, diskette & CD

WHEN THERE IS NOT A PRINT VERSION

CD-ROM WHEN THERE IS ALSO A PRINT VERSION

Flynn, James. "Deranged Performer Terrifies Guests in Local Hotel." Daily Thunderbolt [San Francisco, CA] 30 Nov 1994. Newsbank Newsfile. CD-ROM. Newbank Inc., 1996.

On-Line WHEN THERE IS ALSO A PRINT VERSION

Russo, Michelle Cash. "Recovering from Bibliographic Instruction Blahs." RQ: Reference Quarterly 32 (1992): 178–83. Online Big Chalk Library. 11 Nov 1997 <http://library.bigchalk.com/remote >.

Lanken, Dane. "When the Earth Moves." Canadian Geographic March-April 1996: 66–73. Online EbscoHost Ultra 15 June 1997 <http://search.epnet.com/login.asp >.

On-line w/ a computer service

Glicken, Morley D. "A Five-Step Plan to Renew Your Creativity." Good Morning America 12 June 1994. America Online. 10 Nov. 1997 <http://www.aol.com>.

On-line w/ www browser and a search

Walker, Janice. MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources. 24 Aug. 1998
<http://www.cas.usf. edu/english/walker/mla.html>.

Danford, Tom. "Re: Effect of Semestering on Middle School Math." E-Mail to [recipient’s name]. 24 Feb. 1995.

Shaumann, Thomas Michael. "Re: Technical German." 5 Aug. 1994. Online posting. 7 Sept. 1998 <cybermind@ comp.edu.language.natural>.

Aaron, Jane E. The Little, Brown Essential Handbook for Writers, 2nd ed. Addison Wesley Longman, 1997.

Gibaldi, Joseph. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 4th ed. New York: MLA, 1995. Modern Language Association. "Documenting Sources from the World Wide Web." MLA ON The Web. 18 May 1999 <http://www.mla.org>. Prepared for MECS by Mrs. Erin Dinneen and Mrs. Beth Geatrakas, Library Media Specialists with Mr. Jay Dunn, Senior English Teacher. Revised 6/8/99; 5/12/00.

The seventh edition of the widely used Practical Stylist explains the change in documentation requirements:

The Modern Language Association of America [MLA], in conformity with many journals in the social sciences and sciences, recommends a system of citations that simplifies your job considerably. A list of "Works Cited" at the end of your paper—the usual bibliography—now replaces all footnotes merely identifying a work. (Baker 165)

If you borrow ANY information that is not common knowledge, in ANY way (either direct quotation AND/OR summarized in your own words), you must identify your sources with what is called a "parenthetical author page citation."

You must put the author’s last name and the page number in parenthesis, followed by a period AT THE END of the borrowed material—as this sentence shows (Baker 166–167).

Baker reminds us that if the author’s name is acknowledged in the text, then it may be omitted from the parenthetical author page citation—as this sentence shows (166–167).

The MLA Handbook (3rd ed.) provides examples such as these (155-176):

(1) With an indirect reference (i.e., a summary or paraphrase):

√ Kind and Overman (291) believe McCormack’s novel to be the best of 1993.

√ Many believe the evidence inconclusive (Smith 291).

(2) With a direct quotation in your running text:

√ Quinn describes them as "without morals" (71), but still agrees with Jones on the concept of parole (73).

√ As Carl Sagan says, "Concentrating always on the near future, we have ignored the long term consequences of our actions" (4–5).

(3) With long quotations (4+ lines) you must indent the quoted passage one inch, single-space, omit quotation marks, and put the parenthetical author page citation after the final period:

√ See the example at the top of this page.

(4) If an author has more than one work, use the author’s last name AND add a very short label derived from the title for each separate work of that "repeat" author.

√ His favorite saying was, "Because it’s the truth, even if it didn’t happen" (Kesey, One 13).

 

In parenthetical references in the text, works on the World Wide Web are cited just like printed works. For any type of source, you must include information in your text that directs readers to the correct entry in the works-cited list (see the MLA Handbook, sec. 5.2). Web documents generally do not have fixed page numbers or any kind of section numbering. If your source lacks numbering, you have to omit numbers from your parenthetical references. If your source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering (such as numbering of paragraphs), cite the relevant numbers. Give the appropriate abbreviation before the numbers: "(Moulthrop, pars. 19-20)." (Pars. is the abbreviation for paragraphs. Common abbreviations are listed in the MLA Handbook, sec. 6.4.) For a document on the Web, the page numbers of a printout should normally not be cited, because the pagination may vary in different printouts. Taken from the Modern language Association. "Documenting Sources from the World Wide Web." MLA ON The Web. 18 May 1999. <http://www.mla.org>.

If you change schools, be sure to ask what style is required. It’s likely that you will encounter the MLA style presented here at least through your first college years. There are, however, other styles. Chief among them is that of the American Psychological Association [APA]. Its "parenthetical-author-date" style is the most common in the social and physical sciences. More detailed information on the APA’s parenthetical-author-date style is available in "Appendix B: Other Systems of Documentation," in the MLA Handbook (4th ed.).

For the latest APA style consider consulting: Bibliographic Styles Handbook: APA and MLA Print Style Citations at http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/bibliostyles.htm.